Efficacy of the Combination Therapy of Intense Pulsed Light and Microneedling With a Postbiotic Formulation for Melasma

J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025 Dec;24(12):e70580. doi: 10.1111/jocd.70580. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Melasma pathogenesis involves multifactorial mechanisms, and a comprehensive strategy achieves superior outcomes compared to monotherapy. Intense pulsed light (IPL) reduces pigmentation via selective photothermal effects, while microneedling enhances melanin clearance through mechanical stimulation and improves transdermal drug delivery. However, the therapeutic synergy of combining IPL with […]